Lithium Carbonate

Lithium Carbonate: An Overview

Lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) is a white, odorless, and crystalline inorganic compound that holds significant importance in a variety of industries. It serves as a critical raw material in the production of lithium-ion batteries, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, and glass. Lithium carbonate is one of the most commercially important lithium compounds and has played a central role in the rapidly growing clean energy and electric vehicle sectors.

Chemical Identity

Chemical Formula: Li₂CO₃
Molar Mass: 73.89 g/mol
CAS Number: 554-13-2
Appearance: White, odorless, crystalline powder
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol
Melting Point: ~723°C
Decomposition: Decomposes above 1310°C into lithium oxide (Li₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Physical and Chemical Properties

Solubility in Water: ~1.3 g/100 mL at 25°C
pH (aqueous solution): Alkaline (~11–12 for a saturated solution)
Density: ~2.11 g/cm³
Reactivity: Reacts with acids to release carbon dioxide gas
Thermal Behavior: Stable under normal conditions but decomposes at high temperatures

Lithium carbonate’s low solubility in water distinguishes it from other alkali metal carbonates like sodium or potassium carbonate.

Major Applications

1. Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium carbonate is a key precursor in the production of lithium cathode materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). These materials are used in rechargeable batteries for electric vehicles, laptops, smartphones, and grid storage.

2. Pharmaceutical Use
In medicine, lithium carbonate is used to treat bipolar disorder and manic-depressive illness. It helps stabilize mood by influencing neurotransmitter activity in the brain. Due to its narrow therapeutic range, it must be used under strict medical supervision.

3. Glass and Ceramics
It acts as a flux in the glass and ceramic industries, helping lower melting temperatures and improve thermal expansion properties. It enhances the strength and clarity of glass, particularly in specialty applications such as ovenware and telescope lenses.

4. Metallurgy and Aluminum Production
Lithium carbonate is used as a fluxing agent in aluminum smelting and other metallurgical processes, improving conductivity and reducing melting points.

5. Greases and Lubricants
Lithium carbonate is converted to lithium hydroxide, which is a key component in the production of high-temperature, water-resistant lithium-based greases.

6. Air Purification
It can absorb CO₂ and is used in some closed-loop systems such as submarines and spacecraft to help remove carbon dioxide from the air.

Safety and Handling

While lithium carbonate is not highly hazardous, it requires proper handling, especially in large-scale industrial or pharmaceutical use.

Health Hazards:

May cause irritation to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract
Toxic if ingested in large quantities
Chronic exposure can affect kidney, thyroid, and central nervous systems

Precautions:

Use in a well-ventilated area
Wear protective gloves, goggles, and clothing when handling
Avoid inhalation or ingestion
Wash hands thoroughly after use

In case of accidental exposure, rinse the affected area with water and seek medical attention if symptoms develop.

Environmental Considerations

Lithium carbonate should not be discharged into the environment in large quantities. Although lithium is naturally occurring, elevated concentrations can impact aquatic life and soil chemistry. Waste and residues should be disposed of in accordance with local environmental regulations.

Storage and Stability

Store in a cool, dry place
Keep container tightly closed
Avoid contact with strong acids, which may release CO₂
Stable under normal temperature and pressure

Conclusion

Lithium carbonate is a critical material with wide-ranging applications in modern technology and medicine. From powering electric vehicles to stabilizing mood disorders, its versatility and importance continue to grow—especially in the era of energy transition and sustainable technologies. While relatively stable and easy to handle, it must be used responsibly to ensure safety and environmental protection.

Contact Us

Phone : +49 1512 4714765 ( Germany )
Phone : +1 (702) 381-3042 ( USA )
Email : [email protected]
Address : Cunostraße 56, 14193 Berlin. Germany
Address : 7373 Rowlett Park Dr, Tampa, FL 33610, United States.

Blog